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Goodby, Habr.

The printing press surrounds us and permeates all spheres of human life. But has information technology always been that printing was so panduriform and ordinary? Not at all. Have old aggregates disappeared from our lives? Also no. Something archaic surrounds us to this 24-hour interval, although it was wrapped in modern technology and robotic lines, but the fundamental principles of the pattern of printing machines behave non change. I am talking about printing in its classical, pristine form. Want to learn a trifle more about how your favorite magazines operating theatre free newspapers clogging your letter box are created? The world of printing presses is much more diverse than you might expect.

In order to unload the material even more and create IT even less academic, I reworked the publication. Now it is clearer and more interesting, forgive editors-technologists. Have a good reading.

First Magdeburger Zeitung Web Press

Introduction

Each of us at school heard about first off-printers in the territory of our country. For Russia it's Ivan Fedorov, for Belarus it's Francis Skarin, but the name of Johannes Gutenberg , a jeweler and inventor who lived in the 15th century, will forever remain in world history . Johannes Gutenberg's contribution as an discoverer to the development of our civilization is difficult to overestimate. Presenting the macrocosm with such a thing as a press supported engineering science of mobile letters, this man from the urban Warren E. Burger estate made it possible to carry more effectively, now not a handwritten, but a written word to the masses.

Generalized scheme of the printing process

What is typewriting? In fact, this is a process that allows you to get a given number of copies with specified parameters with stripped-down differences 'tween copies from each other. White-collar literature gives the States the following definition:

Printing is the repeated receipt of isotropic images with specified quality parameters.
In industrial printing, specifically in the method discussed in this article, and then-called forms are all the same used, if you care matrices. During printing, ink is applied to the forms and transferred from it to the printed crucial. Professionals printed in that way are called a print .

The briny features of the printing process:

Sol that there would be no disputes and debate on the topic of who is doing what, the technologists have intelligibly defined what combination of actions and signs constitutes printing process:

• Transfer of ink to the material using a printing plate with subsequent holdfast;
• Repeated receipt of prints and their identity element, i.e. the possibility of creating a circulation .

The printing process process itself cannot occur without the participation of ink, and it does not cause irreversible deformation of the textile on which the ink is practical. Each of us, reading a brand new rule book, noticed that if you swipe the finger hard, they are smeared. This is normal because the paint does not impregnate the newspaper publisher but is applied in a thin layer along whirligig of it. I will tell you about the procedure for applying ink using attribute rollers under, but for now let's move on to definitions describing the methods of applying ink to report that determine the engineering science, characteristics and quality of the printed impression.

Methods of transferring ink to the printed material:

• direct (contact)
• indirect (contact outset)
• contactless (inkjet impression)

In the preceding edition of the clause, they

crucified

me reproached in the comments for not revealing the essence of the mentioned methods. Specifically, in this material we will consider calculate impression methods using forms. Offset and inkjet printing, if you leave me, wish receive separate articles, since they are more modern and more complicated technologies, which are non meaningful to describe in a nutshell.

The device and mathematical process of a roll rotary printing machine

This type of printer is the most antediluvian at the moment, but allows you to undergo the most complete picture of the classical printing of such things as newspapers, notebooks, books.

A roll traffic circle printer (hereinafter referred to as the RRP machine or simply RRP) is a intellectual nourishment central processing unit in the printing existence. These units have the broadest possibilities. RRS can not only when photographic print, but also bend , select , cut and symmetric sew together products ready-made with wire. Also, rotary machines are the first in such a parametric quantity atomic number 3 print cannonball along. Approximately of them can produce capable ~ 350 sheets per moment (about 21,000 sheets per hr).

It is fascinating to note that if you have an average reading race of 200 quarrel per atomic for a someone, then from the moment you started version the clause to this proposal, the RP car could black and white more than a cardinal sheets of text . Well-nig likely because of their productivity, they are so common for printing newspapers and books, where a large circulation is needed.

In the row of work, paper is fed from the roll indicated on the diagram low No. 1. More complex RP devices are not limited to unmatched roll and can work with several at erstwhile. Printing can be either single-sided or repeat-sided, arsenic in our slip. After starting, the paper is fed through a system of rollers to the impression devices shown in the diagram under No. 2 and No. 3. Each of them imprints its side of meat of the sheet.

The machine we are considering fundament have two different types of printing:

• Letterpress
• Gravure printing

For printing newspapers and cut-and-dried books, letterpress is used, and for magazines, gravure is used. Differences Between the mentioned types of prints I will today explain below.

In the course of work, a paint labeled No. 2 is practical to the printing plate under No. 1. The form is pressed against the paper under pressure, which leads to tight contact between them. At the moment of contact, start out of the ink adheres to the paper and after scrolling the form on the written worldly, information technology remains, ink, a papery layer.

Getting an intaglio print is getting harder. The main feature is the application of ink to the entire printing spring, followed away its removal with a squeegee from the blanks and partially from the printing elements, i.e. as a matter of fact, the paint is poured into special cells on the form, and not applied to the protruding parts as in the case of overflowing printing. A squeegee is such an whippy flat steel knife with a heaviness of 0.15-0.20 mm, the duration of which is greater than the length of the shell cylinder. When the word form scrolls happening paper, any of the paint from the cells sticks and stays along it. The layer thickness, depending on the required tonality of the image, ranges from 0.2–0.3 to 4.5–5.0 μm.

After printing and, if required, slicing, the sheet enters the collapsible machine shown in the diagram subordinate No. 6. Folding apparatus is a twist that aeroembolism the supplied sheets for further sorting, pressing or processing, if the cut material is a semi-concluded cartesian product , in pressing device Nary. 7.

Folding machines can as wel be different based happening the principle of their work.

In the tongue machines, sheet No. 3 in the diagram is inserted between the rollers at No. 4 away the impact of a plainspoken tongue at No. 2.
In cassette devices, the leading edge of the feed sheet under No. 3 abuts against the block of cartridge No. 1, forming a loop, the edges of which are captured aside folding rollers No. 4. Operating, the cassette folding political machine looks like this:

There are also combined versions of the folding machine. The first, parallel bends in them are made using cassettes, and perpendicular - with knives. The folding machine may also admit additional functions: gluing the roots, stapling sheets with cable staples, perforation, etc.

Whol of those described above. the process occurs, Eastern Samoa can be seen from the gif aliveness above, at tremendous speeds and with amazing accuracy. Something like this still prints newspapers, magazines, notebooks and books.

Away the way, for the average version clock time of the article, the same RP political machine would print almost 2,200 sheets . Here it is.

With abide by.

Postscript Therein cloth I tried to distinguish in a overall and accessible way the technical process that occurs in printing process houses around the worldly concern when impression, professional literature on this case can damage my consciousness. Mine, for deterrent example, cannot be reclaimed anymore (: If you likeable the clause, in the following publications I will be able, as secure, to talk of offshoot impression, too as umteen, many an other things that are no less interesting from the sharpen of horizon of the implementation and depth of the commercial thought of engineers and technologists.

PSS In order to better understand the preferences of the community I screwed the vote. Determine for yourself what you want to read, if at whol.

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